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Single-cell transcriptome sequencing technology for various cell types within the tumor microenvironment allows for detailed classification of the different cell types in tumor tissues. The research community generally agrees that a high presence of immune cells, specifically CD3+ T cells, indicates a robust antigenic experience and an active anti-tumor immune response. In primary and metastatic breast cancer, high levels of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are associated with better prognosis. The number of TILs can serve as a predictive marker for early triple-negative breast cancer, which is a primary subtype for immunotherapy. Additionally, breast cancer subtypes with the highest levels of TILs are more likely to produce new tumor antigens.

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